I
have just translated this and it places the introduction of karate into the
Okinawan Schools in a different light than I have seen before. Of course the
translation is far from the best, but enough meaning comes through to consider
what might have been the past.
As
I read this getting karate into the Okinawan schools involved more than a bit
of chicanery to get of past the Japanese School Council rules. And the original
intention may not have been what was to be intended in the long run. Things
take on a life of their own, and what happens becomes what happened, history.
But just perhaps all the ‘school boy karate’ rants are not the whole story of a
ploy that worked.
I
am not a professional Japanese translator; this is a translation I have
obtained with the use of the Bing Translator. Such tools are often flawed
regarding martial terminology, but personally I would rather use them gaining
whatever understanding presents it.
We uploaded an
article of "Karate Taiso
(Gymnastics)".
https://ameblo.jp/motoburyu/entry-12457844431.html
Karhand (karate?) Gymnastics
2019-04-29
In
1905, Karhand (karate?) was adopted by the old system of Okinawa Prefecture
Junior High School and the Okinawa normal schools. It is not because
"Karashina" was able to be said the department of Medicine.
It
is a meaning of having taught it in the gymnastics department at that time
although the class of the physical education was said gymnastics. Well, the
word "Tang Hand gymnastics" appears just from that time.
For
instance, the following sentences are in the memoirs of Tokuda Yasusadada.
A
sense of Tang My memories are various, but I want to describe the movement
mainly. At the beginning of his studies, he had been practicing judo and sumo.
The practice of the base Naihan chi, etc. was started in Okinawa Bank site of
the Shuri Kururanmanabu ruins at the designers of the Okinawan kunatake, and
other students volunteer 20 at the beginning of Karatashiro
The
so-called Karohand (karate?) gymnastics that was imposed on the time of
gymnastics was born (Hiroshi Kinjo [from Karhand to Karate] 367 pages).
Tokuda
is a student of old system Junior high school at that time, and the above is
talking about circumstances before it is adopted to the school just by Karhand
(karate?). The author imagined whether it might be the kind of the flexible
gymnastics based on the Tang hand when the character of Karhand (karate?)
Gymnastics was first seen. However, it seems not to be very so. However, it
seems to call the Tang hand gymnastics. Why did you call it the Tang-hand
gymnastics?
I
have not understood this meaning much, but I can finally understand it
recently. Now, as I mentioned last time, the martial arts were deemed
inappropriate to teach in the school's Department of Education over twice,
"the Gymnastics Report" (1884), "The School Hygiene Advisory
Council Report" (1896). At that time, the Ministry of Education regarded
the martial arts inferior from the physiological viewpoint compared with the
gymnastics by irrational.
The
person who caters to the policy of the Ministry of education like "halberd
gymnastics" of Ozawa Unosuke Shoten and the person who does the political
movement, and the martial arts, etc. Now, the big question arises here. At that
time, the Ministry of Education had not yet admitted the Department of Martial
Arts adoption in the Department of Chinese Medicine (Meiji 38, 1905). A part of
the "Ordinance for enforcement of the Junior high School Decree" was
granted by the Ministry of Education Ordinance No. 26 of Meiji 44 (1911),
"gymnastics ha bashing and gymnastics. In addition, it was revised as
"to get the sword and Jiu-Jitsu", and it became possible to adopt the
Shoken (later kendo) and Jiu-Jitsu (later judo). However, there is no wording
of "karhand" (karate?) there.
In
a word, it becomes impossible to adopt the Shotoaceae of the hand legally after
that
At
that time, it was impossible for the local government to decide the content of
public education independently. The subjects, classes, and textbooks of junior
high school and normal schools were established by the country (Minister of
Education). Therefore, it is impossible for Okinawa Prefecture to adopt martial
arts in the Department of Medicine in opposition to the national policy.
Then,
why was the Karhand (karate?) adopted? This is the author's guess. Perhaps Dr.
Yasuhisa Itoshima, etc., would have contacted the Okinawa Prefectural Academic
Affairs Section about the possibility of adopting the shoshu of the Tang hand.
At that time, the Academic affairs section, "because there is a national
policy, Tang is impossible to employ as a martial art, but it is possible as a
gymnastics," I think there was an answer.
This
does not violate the policy of the Ministry of Education. There is a form to
practice by one person named "type" Fortunately, and it is a kind of
Deconstructo law act. If it is "gymnastics", it is possible to make
excuses even if it is found in the country if it is strong. However, there is
an excuse that it is not truly a martial art when there are a lot of attack
techniques such as thrust kick. It is also difficult for students to be used to
fight outside the school by promoting their struggle. If it becomes a
newspaper, the head of the Student Affairs Section staff might fly.
So,
in accordance with the request of the Academic Affairs section, I think that
Mr. Iteshima did the creation modification of Pinann and existing type so as to
dilute the aggression as much as possible.
If
such a change was temporary, and the Chinese hand was formally adopted as a
martial art, Mr. Iteshima might have intended to return it to the original
type. The reason is that "it is not necessary to save as it is and to add
the moist color" to "Itasu ten lesson" because there is a
wording.
However,
before the policy of the Ministry of Education changed, Mr. Iteshima lay on the
sickbed, and died before long. On the other hand, it did not teach these types
in the normal school after Mr. Iteshima was deceased because it was not
interested in Pinann and the alteration type from the beginning. It might have
been thought that it was likely to disappear naturally before long even if it
left it. However, students who were taught the modified type from Mr. Iteshima,
without knowing the circumstances that have been modified, and then spread the
modified type, largely replaced by the existing type, the circumstances that
have been altered before long I have forgotten.
And,
it was not left in the record the circumstances that it had been adopted by the
Department as a gymnastics (Karhand (karate?) gymnastics) not as a martial art
hand. The author had not read the document which made a convincing explanation
up to now about the Karhand (karate?) gymnastics.
The
above is a guess to the end, and the record at that time of the communication
of the Academic affairs section with teachers of Itasu is not understood, and I
understand that it might have been so.
Note:
Takuto Ikeda "an attempt to make judo teaching materials by Jigoro Kano:
focusing on" gymnastics form "," Bulletin of the Graduate School
of Education, Hokkaido University "No. 101, page 80.
https://ameblo.jp/motoburyu/entry-12589067554.html
by
Motobu Naoki
Yamada Tatsuo (1905-1967) was a disciple of
Motobu Choki. After the war, he established a school called Nippon Kempo
Karate-do. He wrote an article entitled "Karate as a Martial Art"
(1955), in which he wrote the following passage
On names of karate and this martial art.
We learned [karate] by calling it tējikun (thrusting with
hand), or tē-gwā, in the Okinawan
dialect. Gwā in tē-gwā is a word
meaning loveliness. For example, in Japanese, you can add "o (御)"
to "te (手)"
and say "ote (御手)"
or "ote (御技)"
in the same way. In this case,
te stands for technique. In the same way, we use te in the sense of
technique when we say "that te (あの手)" or "this te (この手)"
or "good te (得意手)".
In Okinawa, it was used like "Let me learn te-gwā of Unjū (you)". In
the past, Funakoshi Sensei used to call it karate (唐手, China hand) in
his old books, but now it is called karate (空手, empty hand) (Note).
It is well known that te or tī in the Okinawan dialect is an ancient name for
karate, but according to the above passage, in the old days tī was also called tējikun or tē-gwā. A more
dialectal notation would be written as tījikun or tī-gwā.
Tījikun also means fist in the Okinawan
dialect. Mr. Yamada, however, explains that
tījikun means "thrusting with hand". He must have heard
about this from Motobu Choki.
In fact, Majikina Anko (1875-1933), a profound scholar of Okinawan studies,
also writes that the etymology of tījikun is "手突くん(tē
tsukun) in the Okinawan dialect," or "手で突く (te de
tsuku)" (thrusting with hand) in Japanese.
In other words, tījikun originally meant
"thrusting with hand". The meaning of
"thrusting with hand" may have changed to "fist" over
time.
By the way, there is a book called "Satsuyu Kiｋo" (1801)
written by a samurai from Kumamoto. In the book, it is written that Ryukyuans
practice swordsmanship and jujutsu, but "tenuruki mononari (not much
skill)". However, Ryukyuans are
excellent at thrusting. He notes that the martial art is called "手ツクミ
(tetsukumi)". The samurai heard these stories when he went on a
trip to Satsuma.
This travelogue was reprinted in recent years. I'm not sure what
"mi" means, but it may be some kind of suffix. In any case, karate
may have been called tetsukumi in Satsuma at the time and tījikun in Okinawa.
Note: "Motobu Choki and Yamada
Tatsuo", edited by Konuma Tamotsu, Sojinsha, 1994
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